Variance Analysis Essay example - 1253 Words

Leslie M. Rogakis HCA 240-0500 03/29/2015 Professor Tirizia York Variance Analysis A variable department manager has many factors to consider when interpreting and analyzing a variance report. Variances can be attributed to factors such as increased or decreased volume, wage increases, cost increases for equipment and cost increases for supplies. Variance reports are a tool that can be utilized to analyze how well a company is doing with meeting current budgetary goals as well as a means for forecasting information for future budgets. In preparing a variance analysis report to be presented to the vice president, the information needs to be simple enough to understand easily, but detailed enough for the information to be useful to†¦show more content†¦Companies will have set guidelines to trigger the need for a variance report such as variances over a specific percentage or dollar amount. (Cleverly, Song, Cleverly, 2011, Pg. 381) In an analysis of revenues, a negative variation is unfavorable; in an analysis of costs, a negative variatio n is favorable. (Dove Forthman, 1995) Variation is calculated by subtracting the expected or budgeted figure from the actual figure for each variable. The variable figure is then divided by the expected figure in order to establish a percentage of the variance. Wages that are over the budgeted amount would be an unfavorable variance and would be an indication that there is a need for a variance report. (Dove Forthman, 1995) Supply costs being less than the budgeted amount would be a favorable variance, however it could result in the supplies budget being reduced if there is not a reasonable explanation as to the cause for the variance. Therefore, a variable department manager would ask for a variance report detailing the reason for the variance to be completed, otherwise it appears as if the budget is overstated and needs to be reduced. Variance reporting is the responsibility of the variable department manager and requires further analysis of the variable figures in order to dete rmine a cause. A comparison between two periods is generally the most efficient way of performing this analysis and is most often compared with a prior similar period ofShow MoreRelatedVariance Analysis906 Words   |  4 PagesHCA 240 April, 29 2012 Moiz Lalani Variance Analysis Variance Analysis is used to promote management action in the earliest stages. It is the process of examining in detail each variance between actual and budgeted costs to conclude the reasons as to why the budgeted amount was not met (Ventureline, 2012). There are several factors that go into a variance report. One is the assumption of the department. The second is the risk of the assumption. And thirdly the actual expense used to portrayRead MoreVariance : Variance Analysis For 20031239 Words   |  5 PagesQ1. Variance analysis for 2003, 2004 is in excel file. In 2003 the actual sales revenue is less than the budgeted sales revenue by 3%. The reason for this is falling sales volume and not falling selling price. This is because quantity variance component of sales revenue flexible budget is higher than price variance component of sales revenue flexible budget. Moreover, cost of production variance is almost 7%. This is attributed to high variances of leather costs, finishing cost and manufacturingRead MoreMultivariate Analysis Of Variance And Multivariate Analysis2853 Words   |  12 PagesMULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (MANOVA) Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is a statistical analysis used when a researcher wants to examine the effects of one or more independent variables on multiple dependent variables. This method is an extension of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model and is the most commonly used multivariate analysis in the social sciences. MANOVA tests whether there are statistically significant, or not due to chance, mean differences among levels of the independentRead MoreEssay on Variance Analysis858 Words   |  4 PagesVariance Analysis A manager of a variable hospital department has many responsibilities. The manager is accountable for budgeting and to protect profits. The financial manager is responsible for guarding overspending and generating profits. They are active in the budgeting process throughout the fiscal year. The budget department manager communicates with other managers, and accounting departments concerning budget issues, financing, and concerns in the organizations departments. Sometimes situationsRead MoreBudgeting and Variance Analysis750 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The objective of the Learning Team D, Mauricio Cruz, Nichole Guerra, Srinivas Sangani, and Sterling Mason is to discuss and write a paper on how budgeting and variance analysis helps managers to make decisions. Budgeting and Variance Analysis The major responsibility of a manager is to plan for future. An organization to be successful, it has to make short-term and long-term plans. These plans sets the organizations objectives and ways to accomplish the goals of the organization. Read MoreMean Variance Analysis713 Words   |  3 Pagesfather of â€Å"Modern Portfolio theory†, developed the mean-variance analysis, which focuses on creating portfolios of assets that minimizes the variance of returns i.e. risk, given a level of desired return, or maximizes the returns given a level of risk tolerance. This theory aids the process of portfolio construction by providing a quantitative take on it. It integrates the field of quantitative analysis with portfolio management. Mean variance analysis has found wide applications both inside and outsideRead MoreVariance Analysis - Compagnie Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesDivision Units ïÆ'   (000) Profit Plan (Master Budget) ïÆ'   Profit before Interest and Taxes = 5288 Flexible Budget ïÆ'   Profit before Interest and Taxes = 5065 But Actual Profit earned = 4241 Profit Variance comparing to Master Budget (Profit Plan) = (1047) Unfavorable. But, Profit Variance comparing to Flexible Budget = JUST (824) Unfavorable. Comparing the performance of Spanish division with a flexible budget instead with master budget we reckon that Andres Molas did a fantastic job as aRead MoreVariance Analysis on New Look Jackets Essay1138 Words   |  5 PagesFrom: Candidate Subject: New Look Jackets Variance Analyses and Draft Operating Budget Introduction The following report explains the significance and reasons for the variances in New Look Jackets 2012 detailed variance report and provides a draft operating budget for 2013. Analysis of Variances The sales price variance is zero, meaning the average price New Look Jackets sold products was the same as the budgeted sales price. The sales mix variance is unfavourable for Nylon Jackets and favourableRead MoreVariance Analysis938 Words   |  4 PagesVariance analysis Analysis of variance is a term used in statistics which involves a collection of statistical models and procedures that are associated with them where the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components that can be attributed to different sources of variations. it is therefore a statistical technique that is useful for evaluation whether there are differences between average values or mean across several population groups, It can simply be definedRead MoreAnalysis of Variance: Anova680 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of variance (ANOVA): How and when it is used in research In statistics, variance refers to the comparison of the means of more than two groups. The term variance may mislead some students to think the technique is used to compare group variances. In fact, analysis of variance uses variance to cast inference on group means...Whether an observed difference between groups mean is surprising will depends on the spread (variance) of the observations within groups. Widely different averages

Designing An Advertisement Campaign On Beauty Salon

BSBADV602B Develop an advertisement campaign Lakhvir Singh ID 1502 Introduction Here I am making an Advertising plan on beauty salon it would be helpful to increase its market. The name of the Salon is awesome hair and Beauty studio. It is located in Werribee, Vic. I want to increase its customer number. The name of the owner is Priya. She starts this business to gain profit. The main objective of this advertising plan is to advertising objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a product or its ease of use. Purpose of the plan: Over the last five years there has been an expansion of upscale chain salons in major metropolitan areas. The expansion takes the form of opening new stores, as well as purchasing independently-owned salons and transferring them over to the chain. Additionally, this trend has occurred with the full-service, family hair cutting stores. The reason for this trend is similar to other industries that are consolidating; cost saving measures. Awesome is not participating in this trend of aligning itself with a chain. Awesome believes that it has better insight to its local market and would rather apply this specialized insight to its market instead of adopting the procedures of a national chain.The main purpose of the plan to provide a wide range of products and beauty therapies to the customers. Our prices will be cheap and we offering a special discount to the customers. Our main aim is to provide good quality ofShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan- Hair Salon4365 Words   |  18 PagesHot Heads Salon 1 Hot Heads Salon 1234 Beach Road Boynton Beach, FL 33426 (561) 123-1234 Business Plan Kelly C. 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Enayet Karim College of Business Administration (CBA) IUBAT Prepared by Atomic Group Name ID# MD.Salekin Bin Hafiz†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08102013 Shah Md.Faisal Alam Khan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08102038 Atikur Rahman†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08102034 Nasir Uddin Badol†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08102075 Shutirtho Chowdhury†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08102028 [pic] IUBAT- International University of Business Agriculture and Technology 04thRead MoreService Marketing3985 Words   |  16 Pagessites and picking up the exact data which was required. History Jawed Habib is one of the leading hair amp; beauty salon chains in India. The company currently operates a total of 225 outlets across 21 states and 67 cities in the country. The company is promoted by Jawed Habib, a renowned Hair Expert who started the company with a vision to provide quality hair styling and beauty services to the wider populace of the country. With his passion and relentless efforts, he has established an effectiveRead MoreDevelop Marketing Mix Strategy2528 Words   |  11 Pagesusefully for individuals with any type of skin. Packaging Packaging plays an important role as a medium in the marketing mix, in promotion campaigns, as a pricing criterion, in defining the character of new products, as a setter of trends and as an instrument to create brand identity and shelf impact in all product groups. This includes all activities of designing and producing the container for a product. Cetaphil ® Cleansing Lotion has ocean blue color pack. 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A) event B) property C) service D) place E) idea Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Objective: 2 AACSB: Analytic

Consumer Awareness Free Essays

Definition Consumer awareness is making the consumer aware of His/Her rights. Consumer awareness it a marketing term. It means that  consumers note or are aware of  Ã‚  products or services, its characteristics and the other marketing P’s (place  to buy, price,and promotion). We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually commercials and ads increase consumer awareness, as well  as â€Å"word of mouth†(a comment from someone you know about a product or service). 1 Need : we need it so we  will not be misled by producers,it explains if what we  buy is worth toour money.. nd not harmful to us and to environment . Many people are ignorant of  their rights to get protected against the exploitation by somany others. So when there is a  forum for such redress of grievances there seems to beno such exploitation by many; and becomes a rare one. So in order to get a clear pictureof the level of exploitation of  consumers, the awareness is required. 2. Role of producers proper labeling, full information, health warnings, handling information, expiration date,etc. eep to requirements, norms, standards label  products according requirements,  providing true facts They have to produce  and deliver the goods/services of right qualityat right price at right time at right place  at right quantity with right faceIf they are providing a service they should carry it out with due skill and care. They mustalso make sure that any materials they provide as part of this service are fit for the purpose. It is also illegal for a supplier to cut off, or threaten to cut off, supply to areseller (wholesale or retail) because they have been  discounting goods or advertisingdiscounts below prices set  by the supplier. Some of the common methods of exploitation are 1. Under weight and under  measurements –not measured or weighed correctly2. Substandard Quality  Ã¢â‚¬â€œdefective home  appliances and medicines beyond expirydate3. High prices—charging above the retail price4. Duplicate  Articles—selling fake items in the name of the original5. Adulteration and Impurity—is done  to get  higher  profits6. Lack of safety  Devices—absence of inbuilt  safe guards in appliances7. Artificial  Scarcity—hoarding and black  marketing8. False and  Incomplete Information—misleading information on quality, durability,and safety. . Unsatisfactory after sales Service—high cost items like electronics and carsrequire constant and regular service. 10. Rough behavior and Undue conditions—harassment in getting LPG connection or  a telephone connection.. Factors causing exploitation of Consumers. 1. Limited Information—providi ng full and correct information will help in thechoice2. Limited Supplies—when goods and services are in short supply then price shootsup3. Limited Competition. —single producer may manipulate the market in terms of  Ã‚  price and stocks. 4. Low Literacy. —illiteracy leads to exploitation. Hence Consumer Awareness isessential. Rise  of  consumer Awareness Kautilya was one of the earliest to write in  his Arthashastra about the need for Consumer  awareness and protection. With the growth of private sector there is a greater need  for  discipline and regulation of the market. Consumers must be aware of the sale and  purchase of goods, the health and security aspects also. Ensuring the safety of food itemssold in the market is essential these days. Legal measures for consumer safety and consumer awareness must be uniform, andtransparent in terms of prices, quality of goods, and  stocks. Consumers must have thetools to combat malpractices and protect their rights. Rights and Duties of Consumers As codified under the Indian Laws the  Consumers have the following Rights 1. Right  to  Safety—to  protect against  hazardous goods2. Right  to be  Informed—about price,  quality, purity3. Right to Choose—access to a variety  of goods and services at competitive prices. 4. Right to be Heard—consumers interest and welfare  must be taken care of  5. Right to seek Redressal—protection against unfair trade practicesand settlinggenuine grievances. 6. Right to Consumer Education. Kowledge about goods  and issues related toconsumers. Duties 1. Get a bill  for every important purchase and also the  Warranty card2. Check the ISI mark or  Agmark on the goods3. Form  consumer awareness groups4. Make a complaint on genuine grievances. 5. Consumers must know to exercise their rights. Consumer protection Measure 1. Legislat ion concerning Consumer Rights. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides for consumer disputes redressal at the stateand national level. With the help of this law the agencies  can solve grievances in aspeedy, simple  and inexpensive  manner. A separate department of  consumer affairs wasset up at the state and  central government. A  three tier system of consumer courts at the  National, State and District levels were set up. These agencies have done good work byhandling lakhs of cases. 2. Public Distribution System .To protect the poor from price  rise and black marketing the government  food security tothe poor by supplying essentials through the ration or Fair price shops. 3. Standardisation of Products .These are done to assure the  quality of products. The ISI stamp on goods is placed  by theBureau of Indian standards. This caters to industrial and consumer goods. These goodscan be  trusted to confirm to  specific standards. Agmark is meant for Agricultural  products. At the International level the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) locatedin Geneva sets common standards. The FAO and WHO provide food standards. 4. Legal formalities for filing a complaint .The complaint can be  written on plain paper. The supporting documents like the warrantycard must be  attached. A lawyer is not required. We can argue our case How to cite Consumer Awareness, Papers

Wireless Sensor Networks Design And Components

Question: Describe about the Wireless Sensor Networks,Design And Components? Answer: Introduction Wireless sensors are an efficient information technology and communication tools used for monitoring and communication applications. With the emergence of mobile technologies, internet of things etc. these wireless sensors and wireless sensor networks or WSNs have become an important part of networks and communication technologies today. Essentially wireless area networks are based on some many- tiny principle. That is, there are hundreds and thousands of tiny and inexpensive devices, called sensors that helps in sensing the environment, collect data from environment, compute the data and processes the same, finally can communicate with other devices. In a wireless sensor network, there are such tiny devices that forms a network and communicate with each other through exchanging information. Hence, a wireless sensor network is also specially distributed and autonomous network of sensors. In practice, such networks are being used in monitoring different environment and its attributes. For example, it can work to monitor and collect information about sound, temperature, pressure etc. from an environment. Data is transmitted through the co- operating sensors in the network. In a WSN, usually there is a central and main location. Sensors collect data and sends to that main location. Advancement of modern communication and networking technology has made the WSNs more efficient and applicable in diverse range of applications. Usually modern networks work in a bi- directional way. Thus, it has made the process of sending control information to the sensors in an easy way. Surveillance operations in military was the inception point for sensor based network, but now it is being used in education to health sector everywhere. Emergence of Internet of things has made the application of wireless sensor network beyond the horizon. It is also being used successfully in machinery, factories and industrial plants for various monitoring purposes. (Dargie Poellabauer, 2010) Wireless Sensor Networks: Design And Components The integral part of any wireless sensor network are the nodes or the sensors. There can be thousands of nodes in a wireless sensor network. Each of such wireless sensor or node has more than one parts. Those are, An internal antenna and an external antenna. A connection between the internal and external antennas. A radio transceiver having these antennas. A microcontroller An interfacing electronic circuit. An energy source. It can be a simple battery or some energy harvesting mechanism in some embedded form. The size of the sensor nodes can vary greatly, there may be a small box sized sensor or some tiny one like grain of dust. The cost of the nodes also vary greatly. But cost factor is dependent on the complexity of the nodes than the sizes of the nodes. (Hailing, et al., 2005) Depending on the size and complexity of the nodes there are other factors to consider, like energy consumption, bandwidth requirement etc. A WSN will have some topology. The topology can be a star topology or it may be some multi hop mesh topology. In practice, advanced multi hop topologies are widely used. Data propagates through such networks by flooding or routing techniques. Wireless Sensor Network: Platforms Sensors work on some platform designed by specific hardware and software. Building this platform efficiently determines the efficiency of the network. Hardware Part Building the hardware based platform for a WSN is a challenging task. There are two main things to consider, the platform should be low cost and should have tiny sensors. There are several vendors who produces such platform. Researches are going on to develop robust and tiny platforms. There should be low power consumption by the hardware part. Thus, low power consuming technologies for communication and data collections should be considered for the respective hardware solutions. Some applications require, gateways for some LAN or WAN of these wireless sensors. Internet consists of different kinds of networks, when a WSN gets connected to the Internet it needs to get connected with different types of networks. Thus, it will require some bridging technique for communicating with other types of networks efficiently. Gateways plays the role of the bridges. These gateways also helps in storing data into some central server location. (Karl Willig, 2007) Software Part Again the challenge is energy consumptions. The application and the software platform used in the WSNs should consume least amount of power. As there are diverse range of applications of WSNs, so, the applications and the software interfaces depend the applications. For example, WSNs are used in hostile or remote regions. These applications are ad hoc type by nature. The protocols and algorithms used in such networks should address the following factors, Increased span of lifetime. Self-configuration mode Fault tolerance Robustness In general maximizing the lifetime and reducing the energy consumptions are the key factors to be considered. In the ad hoc applications, self-configuration mode helps the devices to automatically conserve power, switching of the radio transmitters and receiver in idle mode etc. All these in turn helps in saving energy and maximizing the lifetime. Operating system This is an important software part of the nodes. The operating system of the nodes is a simpler and general purpose OS. Those are similar to the embedded operating systems. There are two reasons behind taking this approach. Those are, There is certain aim of building and using some wireless sensor network. Thus the platform are ore oriented towards the aim rather than being a general platform. In any case, the platform should be low power consuming and low cost. This can be done by use of low power consuming microcontrollers and various mechanisms like virtual memory etc. These helps in building low power consuming and low cost operating system based platforms. Some examples of OS used in WSNs are uC OS, eCOS etc. there are always some real time properties with such OS. Another example is TinyOS, this is a special kind of OS for WSNs. There are event driven programming used for this OS. Multi- threading is also used here. Other than that there are OS like, LintOS, Contiki, RIOT etc. Online Platform for Collaborative Sensor Data Management Online database management platforms are used for sensors and WSNs also. The owners of the sensors are needed to register to the platforms and feed data from their senso0r enabled devices to the online database for storage and future retrieval. Developers can build their applications based on such huge repository of data. Some examples are Wikisensing, Xively etc. These platforms are useful and helps collaboration between the users. These are like huge data repositories holding data sets from diverse and different kind of sources. The architecture of such platforms include the following components. Interfaces and APIs for users and online collaborators. The middleware tier containing the business logic for sensor data management. A backend storage model for data storage and retrieval. The data volumes will be bigger. Thus the storage system should be designed and developed in the way for handling such workload and requests. Research Directions and Challenges Dynamics of the sensor networks is a real challenge. Eventually, with time the node of the sensor networks will fail. The reason behind such failures can be running out of power, overheating, damaged by wind, sun heat etc., there may be bugs in the software. When the nodes are installed on some fixed position, still there are chances that the quality of radio frequency range may not be suitable and the network topologies of the sensor networks will change. Such changes are sue to the changes in the environment and harder to predict. Compared to the WSNs, the larger scale traditional networks may be changing of configuration of a network will need changes by a huge number of people. Because a huge number of people are there behind the network. On the contrary, in case of WSN. There may be only one single person behind more than one sensors. Thus the WSNs are supposed to be self-configuring and independent of the control given by the user. WSNs are also very adaptive to the environmental changes. These features poses several challenges in researches of the WSNs. Some of the challenges in the WSNs related researches are, (Elson Estrin, 2004) Multi-tier Architecture According to Moores law, the hardware part of the sensors will go smaller and cheaper with time, and the sensors will become more powerful in terms of performance. But more specifically, for WSNs the nodes are needed to be more durable, cheaper, energy efficient and smaller. No matter how smaller the nodes be, the size of the WSNs will be bigger and there will be multi-tier architecture. This multi-tier architecture based platform is also needed to be faster, cheaper, energy efficient and more capable. The localized algorithms running on the hardware platforms are supposed to run in heterogeneous hardware setups. In practice the networks are used today, are mostly two or three tiered architecture based networks. The highest numbered tiers are usually connected to the internet. But sensor networks are a bit different. Sensor networks can merge to the Internet, other types of traditional networks, server based computing environment etc. But on the smallest side of the network, there will be sensor based devices like motes etc. These motes are similar to nodes but have minimal storage and computing capabilities. In a typical multi-tier architecture of WSN, on the one side there are such smallest nodes, and on the other end there is usually internet, in between there will be some high performing computers. This is different than traditional multi-tier client server architecture. (Elson Estrin, 2004) In- Network Processing and Routing through WSNs In-network processing and routing are closely related in case of WSNs. Routing is a common issue or factor for any network and specially with larger, multi-hop networks. In a multi-hop network, any two nodes are not directly connected, rather those are connected through several other intermediate nodes. WSNs are similar to the Internet in this case. But the routing process between two cases have significant differences. In case of Internet, the goal is end to end delivery of packets in the best possible way. But in the case of a WSN, the focus in on in network processing capabilities of the network. The nodes do not only route the information, those also contribute to the processing of information. An example of such scenario is, Directed Diffusion algorithm used in routing in WSNs. Like any other traditional routing protocol. It provides end to end delivery of information in addition to in-network processing through a data centric approach. Data is generated from the sensor nodes and can be identified by some pair of values and attributes. There are two associated concepts here, called, sink and source. Sink is the node that input in interest to the network and requests some data. Source is a node that sends data to the sink or redirect the flow of information to the sink according to the interests of the sink. Between a source and a sink, there will be number of intermediate nodes. The node will inspect the flow before sending it toward the sink or to the next hop. In this way, application specific WSNs are programmed. This is an additional load to the application developer to build and program the nodes in such ways. It is different than an abstraction and needs explicit programming. (Elson Estrin, 2004) Automatic time synchronization and localization Collaboration among the sensors is very important for a WSN. A sensor can fetch very little information about some environment at a time. Only that single piece of information may not give any useful information. But when information are collected from several similar sensors, then the big picture is created. The information about the whole environment becomes available. Thus the combined knowledge from all sensors of a WSNs is necessary. But each sensor will have different geographic locations. Automatic localization of the nodes become useful in such contexts. Also, there are different time zones depending on geographic location. When some sensor changes it location or just deployed in some WSN, then it should automatically get adjusted with the time and locality. (Mao, et al., 2007) There are several ad hoc, automated localization schemes developed by several researchers. Distributed Signal Processing Data fusion is the process of integrating different signals from different and heterogeneous sensors. There are several applications of data fusion. For example, in noise reduction, source coding, process control, source localization etc. There have been studies to implement data fusion into WSNs. But it needs actually more than data fusion, it needs centralized sensor fusion. Centralized sensor fusion is the process of gathering geographically separated and distributed sensors that are controlled by and connected to some central processor. On the other hand, WSNs violates several other characteristics of centralized processing system. For example, as already discussed, the nodes in a WSN have their own time and locality synchronization, own data processing capabilities. Due to these contradictory characteristic, it is difficult to implement data fusion and related signal processing technologies in WSNs. Search, Retrieval and Storage A larger volume of raw data is generated from a WSN. This is a continuous and streaming form of live data. In practice, there is a larger database associated to a WSN. It stores and aggregates data from various sensor nodes. There are several challenges in storing, retrieval and searching of an information in this larger database that stores live streaming of data. Privacy and Security Privacy and security in WSN is very important. There are several difficulties to implement and ensure security and privacy in this case. It is easy to damage or alter sensors. Even attacker can fool a sensor and the sensor will collect inaccurate or fake data from the environment. Also, stealing raw information getting generated from the sensors is easier. Implementation of security software on the nodes is difficult as those are resource and energy consuming. Wireless sensor networks are dependent on wireless data transmission. There are chances of eavesdropping from the network. On the other hand implementation of encryption techniques will pose heavy workload on the nodes because implementation of encryption techniques for the wireless network will require in-network processing and such techniques are time and energy consuming. Thus, data on the WSNs are highly insecure. It will also have privacy issues. As WSNs are installed for monitoring purposes, it collects data about individuals and share those data. These data may raise privacy questions. (Perrig, et al., 2004) Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks There are various and diverse range of application or wireless sensor networks in practice. Some of the significant applications are, Monitoring of environment There are different kinds of monitoring applications of WSNs. Initially WSNs were used for monitoring in different military tasks. Some of the widely used monitoring tasks that are being done by WSNs are, Monitoring an area This is a common application where WSNs are used heavily. The deployment of WSN is done for some specified region from where some phenomenon is needed to be monitored. Military monitoring processes using WSN falls into this category, here WSN can be used to monitor intrusion of enemies into some region. Other than that these kind of application of WSNs used in oil or gas pipelines as some geo fencing technique. In healthcare industry In healthcare industry technology is being used in various ways. In terms of WSNs, there are two types of medical devices. Those are implanted devices and wearable devices. Implanted medical devices are implanted on inserted into human bodies. On the other hand, wearable devices are wore by the human and the devices are touched or connected to the surface of human bodies. In healthcare, both of these devices are becoming popular and widely used for monitoring physical conditions of patients by measurement of positions, locations of the patient, blood pressure, heart beats, pulse rate etc. The related concept is body area network, it helps in collecting information about persons fitness, health, energy levels etc. (Lo, et al., 2005) Industrial monitoring There are different sub areas under industrial monitoring using WSNs. These techniques and implementation are used in manufacturing plants or other heavy industrial sectors. WSNs are used for monitoring the status of the machineries. These WSNs are programmed to monitor the machineries based on some predefined CBM or Condition Based Maintenance mechanisms. The process is becoming popular as it reduces the cost of maintenance and helps to add more functionalities to the processes. There are various situations where, the plants cannot be monitored by humans or by wired monitoring system, these wireless sensor based monitoring networks helps to overcome such difficulties. (Xu, et al., 2004) There are bigger civil infrastructure that may need monitoring for getting updates about its status. There may be some geo-physical application and process of data collection over some pre-defined time frame. Data logging through infrared sensors can be useful in this context. (Krishna, et al., 2006) One of the widely used application of WSNs is data collection from monitoring some environment. The complexity of the work cab vary greatly. The process can be simple enough to collect data from the room environment to collecting statistical information about some complex system. An important advantage of using WSNs in data collection from environment is that these networks and sensors are capable of capturing live and streaming data. Water management through WSNs is an important research topic these days. It helps in quality checking and management of surface water and water from deeper levels of sea, river etc. It has significant importance to water management, water pollution management etc. Both of the animals and humans will be beneficial from this kind of application of WSNs. It is also useful for waste water management. Sensing Earth surface or Earthquakes Environmental monitoring like earth surface monitoring is another application of WSNs. It includes monitoring processes for various pollution control, disaster management etc. Some example of such controlling are, Monitoring for air pollution is an area where WSNs are used. In various cities around the world this process in being used for monitoring the levels and concentration of poisonous and harmful gases in the air. One of the advantage of WSN over wired monitoring systems is the ad hoc nature and the wireless communication technologies. The mobility of the sensors help to collect data from all nearby places. As already said, water quality management and monitoring is an example of WSNs. In this process WSNs are used for monitoring various rivers, dams, oceans, lakes etc. along with water preserved in underground areas. It helps to create water status map irrespective of manual kind of data retrieval process. The accuracy in the map are ensured by use of the distrusted and difficult cases. Natural disasters like landslide can be detected by a WSN monitoring process. Before or during there will be changes in the climate like slight landslide etc. WSN can capture those details through data gathering. Thus, it is possible to detect such occurrences in advance and taking required countermeasures as soon as possible. Forest fire is another case that is a destroying natural and environmental event. WSN can help to detect such case in advance when there is a slight example of the same, like the phase just before starting of the forest fire. This is possible by tracking environmental metrics like humidity, temperature etc. Other type of natural disasters like Tsunami etc. can also be detected or predicted through monitoring by WSNs. The WSNs deployed for water management can also be used for such cases. WSNs are used or getting planned to use in crowdsourcing concept. For example, for finding out chances of terrorism by deploying chemical agent sensors in mobile phones of common people. Characteristics of WSN Wireless Sensor Networks cannot be classified in any group of traditional networks. These are a different kind by itself. There are several key characteristics of WSNs. The significant ones are discussed below, The nodes of a WSN has constraints on power consumption or battery use or energy harvesting. The nodes are resilient that is those are capable of coping up consequences of node failure. The nodes have mobility feature. It is easier to deploy a larger scale network through WSN. The scalability of WSNs are better than traditional networks. The nodes and WSN has the capability of withstanding difficult environmental situations. These kind of networks are easier to use. The design of a WSN has some cross layer architecture. In research, the cross layered architecture of WSNs have become an important part of study. As there were several problems with the traditional laying approach. The nodes of a WSN can be heterogeneous. Cross Layered Architecture of WSNs There are several issues with traditional layered approach. Compared to that cross layered architecture have given several advantages. The problem with traditional approaches are, In this approach, sharing of information among different layers is difficult. Thus no layer will have all information. The optimization of the whole network is not guaranteed in this approach. This is not adaptive to the changes in the environment. There will be interferences among different kind of users, environments etc. thus there will be issues like fading, access conflicts etc. in a WSN. Traditional approach in layering cannot address this issues effectively as those are designed for wired networks. On the contrary, cross layered approach in WSNs has the following benefits. It can help in optimization of the modulation. Thus there will be improves performance of the network while transmission of data in terms of data rate, QoS or Quality of Service, energy consumption etc. Very basic and inexpensive computers can be used for WSNs. A processing unit with limited memory and computing power can serve well. However the base stations needs to have some better computing power as those will act as gateways to the Internet as well. There will also be some routing options in such networks. WSN and Simulation The complex behavior of a WSN can be simulated by agent based modeling and simulation process. This is originally based on a concept called social simulation. Some simulations like OPNET, WSNet, NS2, WSIM, NetSIM etc. can simulate some wireless sensor networks effectively. Distributed Wireless Sensor Network In a centralized network mode, there is a central node that controls and monitors the network and communicate with the nodes. Now, if this central node fails, then the whole network will shut down and collapse. Thus reliability in such network is questionable. To deal with the issue, some distributed control can be introduced in such network, without changing the other constraints of the network. In distributed wireless sensor network, this process is adopted. The distributed control architecture in WSN are useful because of the following facts, The sensor nodes are very prone to failure. The distributed control architecture will help to collect more data in a better way. If the central node fails then the nodes in the distributed control will have backup of data from the network. Thus the reliability of the network will be improved. Apart from the distributed control, the sensors in a WSN are self-organizing. Web, WSN and Data integration A central base station stores data collected by the sensors in a WSN. This data is stored in some numerical for. There are some standards of these data. The standards are posed by OGC or Open Geospatial Consortium. According to those standards, the interoperability of encodings of the metadata and interfaces enables and helps the heterogeneous sensors to be integrated. Also this helps to integrate the same with the Internet. Any individual can control or monitor some WSN through some web browser. Internet of Things IoT or Internet of Things is a new concept related to the Internet and WSNs. It is considered to be the future of the internet. It is a world wide web of interconnected, uniquely addressable objects, based on some communication rules and protocols. Other than computers, these objects can be smart phones, smart devices, any RFID or Radio Frequency ID tag based device. These objects are highly dynamic and mobile. Use of WSN in the Internet of Things can open up a new dimension of internetworking. Studies and researches are going on focusing in this topic. Still there are lots of issues and challenges to solve. (Christin, et al., 2009) Conclusion In this report, it has discussed about wireless sensors networks in details. After a brief introductory section there are detailed discussions on the architecture, component etc. of WSN. Then the focus has been given on several challenges in the researches on WSNs. The report also discussed the application, characteristics of WSNs in different contexts. There are discussions on related topics also like simulation of WSN, web integration, distributed WSN, Internet of things and WSN etc. References Christin, D. et al., 2009. Wireless sensor networks and the internet of things: selected challenges. Proceedings of the 8th GI/ITG KuVS Fachgesprch Drahtlose Sensornetze, pp. 31-34. Dargie, W. Poellabauer, C., 2010. Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Elson, J. Estrin, D., 2004. Sensor Networks: A Bridge to the Physical World. In: Wireless Sensor Networks. s.l.:Springer , pp. 3-20. Hailing, C. L. J. et al., 2005. Overview of Wireless Sensor Networks.. Journal of Computer Research and Development , 1(021). Karl, H. Willig, A., 2007. Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks. s.l.:John Wiley Sons. Krishna, C. et al., 2006. Monitoring civil structures with a wireless sensor network.. Internet Computing, 10(2), pp. 26-34. Lo, B. P., Thiemjarus, S., King, R. Yang, G.-Z., 2005. Body sensor networka wireless sensor platform for pervasive healthcare monitoring, s.l.: s.n. Mao, G., Fidan, B. Anderson, B. D., 2007. Wireless sensor network localization techniques.. Computer Networks, 51(10), pp. 2529-2553. Perrig, A., Stankovic, J. Wagner, D., 2004. Security in wireless sensor networks.. Communications of the ACM , 47(6), pp. 53-57. Xu, N. et al., 2004. A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring.. Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pp. 13-24.

Swansea Metropolitan and University of Wales Trinity St Davids

Introduction Communication within organizations is vital for full attainment of goals and objectives to enhance customer satisfaction in terms of service experience. Company interactions with customers involve applying different methods that ensure that customers’ pieces of information reach the sales department.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Swansea Metropolitan and University of Wales: Trinity St Davids specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since this communication process involves many people, it requires appropriate management to guarantee best customer service to the present and future customers. Currently, organizations are adopting the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software to improve quality of their service provisions to their clients. The software helps in organizing and tracking contacts of both the present and future customers. Just as other online applications, the software minim izes logistical requirements and time wastage since all employees in every department can view a customer’s information and respond appropriately (Murray 2013). At the same time, a customer will obtain timely response from the necessary departments hence saving productive time. The Database Management System that Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales: Trinity Saint Davids included in their system will ease the logistics required in communicating to and managing their students. The report expounds on the benefits that will accrue to the two institutions after adopting CRM, especially in decision-making processes. In addition, it will discuss the principles of Big Data and metrics and examines the gains that the University of Wales is likely to realise in adopting CRM. Finally, the treatise will expound on the ethical and legal implications that may face the institution for storing students’ data for future marketing purposes. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System Organisations interact with customers in three main ways: back office operations, front office contacts, and business contacts. In marketing, business contacts is where a company’s workforce intermingles with suppliers and customers through trade associations and various industry activities (Malhotra Birks 2007). Front office contacts entail straight connections that company workers have with dealers and consumers through mails and phone messaging. On the other hand, back office operations are sequences that aid phone call and e-mailing services such as marketing, promotion, and investment relations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The use of CRM pays more focus to customers thereby enabling organizations to attract and retain customers through better service provisions, understand their customers, cut cost of managing customers and increase profit maximization. For successful service provision, CRM has different components such as campaign management, sales force automation, and customer service. Further, the process allows firms to communicate to their customers on marketing activities, sell goods and services to customers, and handle after-sales service necessities for customers. Markedly, the Customer Relationship Management software stores all communications with clients as they transpire so that any company worker can retrieve it in future in case need arises. Sales force automation component eliminates instances of effort duplication hence increasing efficiency. Moreover, it expands sales opportunities for current and new customers and even makes it possible for employees not in the sales department to access customers’ recent data easily. In essence, the element improves customer services, as all employees are aware of consumers’ current contact information. When sales representatives get prospecti ve clients, they often use a given set of decisive factors that centre at a drive of attracting new businesses. In the campaign process, the targeted customers receive inducements inform of special sales terms and marketing resources (Murray 2013). This Customer Relationship Management element takes into account all promotion trends, customers’ feedbacks and ultimate scrutiny from the initiative. Elements and Benefits of CRM CRM software has enhanced levels of business-customer engagement in its ability to manage contract wins, business contacts, and client’s information (Malhotra Birks 2007). Customer Relationship Management provides organisations with customers’ business information, which enables them supply products and services that meets customers’ needs. For that reason, CRM solutions enhance customer satisfaction. Additionally, the system allows effective cross-sell, up-sell, and provision of better customer services. Notably, organisations that understand the behaviours of their clients are highly likely to attract and retain current customers in the process.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Swansea Metropolitan and University of Wales: Trinity St Davids specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advancements in technology has presented numerous challenges to companies in identifying the tastes and preferences of a target market and completely altered consumers buying behaviours thus forcing them to use new ways of reaching their present and prospective customers. An effective CRM solution helps business leaders in making prudent and insightful decisions. At the University of Wales: Trinity St Davids, the management will be able to understand the nature and dynamics of their students. For instance, the management will be able to save data of students applying for first year courses thus offering effective platforms for the academics department to identify the st udents’ potentials and levels of interest in allocating the courses. Further, since the software allows for real time access of data in the dashboard, the university will be at an advantaged position to make right decisions at the right time. A marketing decision-maker having customers’ data at real time is able to monitor expected performances versus the actual results thus driving the marketing return on investments (Galligan 2012). The University will be able to process students’ requests and complaints in real time through the CRM dashboard. Evidently, the software reduces the costs of addressing students’ concern, as the administration will easily identify better processes at the contact centres. It makes student management easy since the administration can solve students’ issues on their first call given more in-depth data on the dashboard. Students’ service provision within the university will be quick and timely given that the admini stration will have students’ data in real time and even mitigate potential threats to students’ satisfaction. The CRM system will also improve the rate at which the university will carry out course-selection for the new students, which will enable it gain competitive advantage over other institutions in Wales and England. When the university departments are able to work together, they will not only have great insights into the objectives of the institution but also develop effective marketing strategies (Wilson 2006).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Principles of Big Data and metrics Businesses that can handle Big Data are more likely to be competitive than their competitors who cannot (Hayes 2012). This concept involves bringing together vast quantities of data, analyzing and processing them to extract valuable information. When Swansea Metropolitan University and the University of Wales: Trinity Saint David merged, it is evident that there are abundant data that need re-organization and analysis for the benefit of the institutions. Since the two institutions have different management systems, data integration into a single system will be a challenging task, but through data federation and information integration, it will be possible. Here, data reside where they have been, instead of moving them to other applications. Big data involves fast analysis of varied and massive data that reflect on reality to gain the trust of other users. One has to understand first the reasons for acquiring Big Data. In other words, one has to kno w its importance and substantiate how he/she intends to extract valuable information from Big Data. This process will enable one to make substantial decisions regarding the functions of a business. For effective communication, a well-engineered and harmonised reporting system that removes information overload that can cause confusion for users is necessary. Data minimization is also a key principle of Big Data. This principle ensures that everybody get full data that they need for their work and not in excess of that (Hayes 2013). Data protection prevents exploitation and accessibility by unauthorised parties. Data in the university’s database are extremely sensitive and requires maximum protection for use in a specified purpose. In addition, a functional reporting system where the validity of information is not in doubt and set operational goals maximise customer satisfaction. For better services, organisations need to train their employees so that they can answer customersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ questions successfully. The process of data integration should be customer-centred to enable organisations create impact on their customers. In higher education, Big Data can focus on areas of student progress, institutional finance and budgeting, and resource optimisation. Benefits of Big Data to the University The University of Wales: Trinity St Davids stands to benefit immensely from developing Big Data Networks. For instance, the collected data will assist in addressing strategic issues, such as institutional finance management and budgeting. When the university hosts data at one point all employees can access it thus enhancing accountability and transparency in areas where funds are used. As a result, the university’s overall management will have clean sheets on financial management hence making it register positive image to current and prospective students. Other areas that the institution will preserve its data include enrolment management, progress of strategi c plan, student learning, library, research advancement, procurement and faculty teaching and research performance. The University of Wales: Trinity St Davids will also be able to understand the demographics and behaviours of its students, as all students will be in the Database. Notably, the entire university department will have full access of students’ details, such as characters, ages, religious affiliations, and nationalities. Essentially, the development will assist the institution in monitoring its students with ease. Additionally, Database Management System will benefit the university by optimising use of resources. This is possible since all departments will be monitoring and evaluating the expected results from all resources within the institution. Scrutiny of resources across all university departments will improve the usability and productivity of resources (Javalgi, Martin Young 2006). The initiative will also enable the university to recruit many students at ag o, as the process will not only automate all courses but also improve the relationship between new students and the university administration. In sum, the system will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the university services. Ethical and Legal Issues In attempting to use customers’ data in marketing, the University of Wales: Trinity St Davids will be contravening the policy of individual privacy (Chisnall 1997). Since the institution may apply business-to-consumer marketing as a way of enticing other students to join its courses, the privacy concern is less clear on the context of internet development. Personal data like address, social security numbers, age, likes and dislikes are key concerns to customers. In the UK, the revised 1998 Data Protection Act helps in protecting personal data and marketers ought to be consistent with privacy law whenever they are marketing their products and services via the internet (Ethical Constraints n.d.). In addition, the Univers ity of Wales: Trinity St Davids will not be able to control those who will access the data, as it will be difficult to identify end-users. However, the institution can plant cookies in on the end-users computers to enable websites identify them. The university should also get the consent of the students to transfer data ownership to third parties. On the legal front, citizens expect their personal data and resources to keep them safe and secure. The Data Protection Act (DPA) assists in giving evidence in a legal proceeding involving unlawful sharing of personal data. The university will have to document the need for sharing data with other prospective consumers, information to share and the means of sharing it to avert situations of privacy violations (Ethical Constraints n.d.). Since the Welsh Government encouraged the need for higher institutions to adopt CRM, this does not guarantee the university to share customers’ information under a public sector as per the provisions of section 22 of the DPA. Conclusion The university’s option of adopting the use of CRM in its services presents numerous benefits its ways of handling students’ services and in its overall management. For long-term benefits, the institution should use widely packaged customer database management software applications since they are flexible and indispensable in meeting current marketing needs (Myers 2013). Moreover, rapid and flexible software will increase the security of customers’ data thus enhancing clients’ loyalty to the institution. On marketing, the university should comprehend the provisions of the DPA to help it in differentiating between readily available data and others that are under copyright protection. References Chisnall, P. 1997, Marketing research (5th ed.), McGraw-Hill, London. Ethical Constraints, Internet Studies.  Web. Galligan, F. 2012, Altmetrics for Librarians and Institutions: Part II, Content Management Services for Librarie s and Publishers. Web. Hayes, B. 2012, Big Data has Big Implications for Customer Experience Management | Business Over Broadway, Business Over Broadway: Transforming Business Through Customer Insight. Web. Hayes, B. 2013, Big Data has Big Implications for Customer Experience Management, The Big Data Hub | Understanding big data for the enterprise. Web. Javalgi, R., Martin, M., Young, R. 2006, ‘Marketing research, market orientation and customer relationship management: a framework and implications for service providers’, Journal of Services Marketing, vol. 20. no. 1, pp. 12-23. Malhotra, N. K. Birks, D. F. 2007, Marketing research: an applied approach (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, England. Murray, M. 2013, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Logistics. Web. Myers, R. 2013, Legal and Ethical Issues in Obtaining and Sharing Information, Morris, Manning Martin, LLP.  Web. Wilson, A. M. 2006 Marketing research: an integrated approach (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall/Financial Times, Harlow, England. This report on Swansea Metropolitan and University of Wales: Trinity St Davids was written and submitted by user Duncan Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics

Ethics In Business Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, Business Ethics Ethics in Business From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government ezdards and commercial ezdards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee might suffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation department also had to falsify documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing ezdards. From a legal and ethical ezdpoint, both the testers and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on direct orders from a superior. This was also the case when the plant in Singapore refused to falsify the documents and were later falsified by the employees at the have California plant before being submitted to the approval committees (Velazquez, 53). The writers of the reports were well aware of the situation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type of environment. As stated by Alan Reder, . . . if they [the employees] feel they will suffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to open their mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsified they would come under questioning and perhaps their employment would go into jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employees from moral fault, it does start the divulging process for determining the order of the chain of command of superiors and it helps to narrow down the person or department that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majority of the employees in the National Semiconductor case. We have to balance the direct involvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to be made clear that many of the employees did not have a direct duty with the testing departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees, or sub-contractors, that were directly involved with the production were not aware of the incompetence on the part of the testing department. For example, the electrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could act in good faith that it would be tested to ensure that it did indeed meet the required government endurance tests. Also, for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, they were dealing with what they believed

Music Piracy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music Piracy - Research Paper Example The purpose is to misguide the customer that he or she is buying the original recording (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 2). These are unsanctioned copies of music from genuine recordings for profit gain. Pirated CDs or music cassettes are named as Top Ten, Hollywood Hits or a combination of hit titles of various music companies. The pirated copy looks different than the original commercial release (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 3). This is recording, copying, and selling of a musical performance like a live concert or broadcast without the authorization of the artist or the music company holding all copyrights of it (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 4). End User Piracy – It is related to duplicating of software either from one computer to another, copying office software to home computer, borrowing software to make copies for selling purpose (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 5). Reseller Piracy – It is deliberate reproduction with fake certificates for cheating the buyers assuming that they have purchased from the developing company (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 6). Internet Piracy – Peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading encourages internet piracy. Individual requests for not sharing licensed material are not adhered to. It is illegal to copy a copyrighted album on P2P service. Downloading MP3s becomes infringement when files are distributed after conversion to MP3 from CDs (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 7). The issue of music piracy can be related to the pre-digital age of 1970s when there were legal altercations between the owners of copyrights of films and music and suppliers of technology. In one such case between Ames Records and CBS, legal action was taken by CBS for infringement on its copyrights by Ames permitting subscribers to hire records on rent. Again in 1980s CBS took legal proceedings against

CASE STUDY SUMMARIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CASE STUDY SUMMARIES - Essay Example To guard against this, concrete bored piles were installed at the cliff-facing side of the road. This is then tied to anchor blocks with pullout being prevented by tension piles. A developed unprotected coastline is subjected to coastal retreat and landslide instability. The combined action of cliff erosion and collapse together with the flow of groundwater from high levels to the sea is triggering landslide reactivation. Coastal protection is limited by environmental sensitivity of the site. There are two requirements for the project: to arrest recession of the cliffs and reactivation of the landslide system and to improve the stability of the coastal through an intensive drainage system. For the first requirement, a rock armor revetment was chosen. For the second problem, a deep pumped well solution using siphon and electro-pneumatic systems. The project involves a developed coastal town threatened by existing coastal defense, landslide reactivation and coastal recession. Coastal erosion by wave action, earth slippage due to rainfall & groundwater, inappropriate excavation and construction and climate change have ultimately resulted to the reactivation of landslide complexes. Due to the severe consequences if the problem was left unchecked, an extensive program of land stabilization and foreshore works was undertaken. Different strategies were used including reinforced slope buttresses, soil nails, pile grids, slope regarding, drains, seawall improvements and beach replenishment. A developed coastal town is experiencing deterioration of coastal defenses with previously installed stabilization measures such as cut-off drain have all but failed. Nevertheless, the cliff top assets are not foreseen to be affected for several years making coastal protection measures not warranted for the time being. Only monitoring and investigations of the ground and rainfall are the actions being undertaken. Aside from

Literary analyses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary analyses - Essay Example As such, the scholar has the responsibility to deeply consider what they say and the ideas which they will put their name to. They need read deeply and talk deeply to as many people as possible. Their opinion is so important that they have a responsibility to learn about the world. This was something that Emerson understood very clearly. Emerson is especially wise when he talks about the relationship between the spirit and nature: But the final value of action, like that of books, and better than books, in, that it is a resource. That great principle of undulation in nature that shows itself in the inspiring and expiring of the breath; in desire and satiety; in the ebb and flow of the sea; in day and night; in heat and cold; and as yet more deeply ingratified in every atom and every fluid, is known to us under the name of polarity—these â€Å"fits of easy transmission and reflection,† as Newton called them, are the law of nature because they are the law of spirit (Self-Reliance). Uelan is no Emerson. Her argument is that everyone has their own experiences and these are important to understand. We should respect everyone’s opinion. Because each of us is different from one another, we can learn something from everyone. Emerson would definitely disagree with this foolish perspective. Not all opinions are created equally. Some people are smarter than others and know more. The truth is that some people have very limited lives. If we wasted our time listening to them, we would miss out on all the good stuff out there. That is where her opinion fails: she doesn’t understand the importance of time. We must prioritize who we listen to because we don’t have time for everyone. Frankly, I think we don’t have time to listen Uelan. In part the foolishness of her opinion may explain why so many of the relationships in her life were

Does Democracy Address Insecurity?

Does Democracy Address Insecurity? Democracy effectively addresses insecurity. Do you agree, why or why not? Democracy does, and does not effectively address insecurity, in some aspects it curbs it, in others it accelerates it. Consequently, this minor essay will examine avenues in which democracy addresses and fails to effectively address insecurity. It will conclude that despite the short-term pitfalls of transitioning to democracy, and the dangers of democratic governance without a strong institutional foundation with strong checks and balances, that it has the long-term potential to effectively address insecurity both within and outside a States borders. Regardless of whether established democracies provide stability, transitional democracies often create a large amount of instability, especially when converting from a more authoritarian political system, and generally experience their worst period of instability during this juncture.[1] A lack of unity and cohesion can cause greater domestic instability for a population within the short-term, aside from an increased likelihood of war with other States, during this period large scale ethnic cleansings may occur.[2] As democracies are traditionally linked with a primary ethnicity, a purge has a likelihood of occurring before a strong institutional democratic base can form, often against ethnic groups who refuse to assimilate with society, as well as individuals linked to previous political administrations. Ironically however, whilst democracy can create much greater instability for a state in the short-term, in the long-term this political system can potentially create very strong and politically stable governance for the State.[3] This can be demonstrated in the prominent military, economic and cultural role the United States plays in contemporary society today, despite engaging in the mass extermination of Native Americans only a century prior.[4] Democracies which do manage to establish themselves and overcome their shortcoming during the transition period can effectively address instability, both domestically and internationally, however there are severe limitations which can inadvertently result in greater instability also being formed if not implemented effectively. Theoretically capitalist States are very effective at addressing insecurity, domestically they can help alleviate income inequality among their poorer citizens, and internationally they help formulate economic interdependence between States.[5] Whilst bilateral trade is not always from an equal economic standing, with one side often more dependent on the other, such as in the case between China and Taiwan, when two States are of similar economic standing it can prove a great stabilising factor in preventing conflict.[6] This is evident in the lack of open conflict between the USA and China in decades.[7] As economies of this magnitude continue to intertwine, avoiding conflict and instability between them becomes increasingly in their interests. Other theoretic models, such as the Liberal Democratic Peace Theory argue further points where even greater stability can be gained under democratic governance, considering that there is a historic precedent of democratic states not going to war with one another.[8] However, there are also aspects of this theory which highlight how democracies can result in greater instability occurring internationally, as democratic states can ironically themselves create new wars in the process of spreading democracy throughout the world, trying to force it through non-peaceful means on States who are either unwilling or unprepared for such massive political change.[9] This results in a world of democratic states seeking perpetual peace through perpetual war, leaving the world itself in a constant state of instability.[10] Domestically democracies can provide other major avenues of stability for the State, one of the most prominent being the division of the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches of government into separate branches independent from one another.[11] The establishment such a comprehensive system of checks and balances can ensure the moderation of power of appointed officials and their political parties, and ensure that they operate within the law.[12] The effectiveness of such a process can be seen in U.S President Donald Trump, with his controversial executive orders on implementing travel bans for foreign individuals being blocked by the judicial branch of government because they were found to be unconstitutional.[13] However, the greatest strength and weaknesses of democracies in addressing insecurity lies within having an inclusive political process, with a sense of inclusion encouraging non-violent solutions to political issues.[14] An example of this can be seen in the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the main nationalist group involved in the troubles in Northern Ireland in the 20th century, who ceased their armed campaign in large part because of the political concessions provided to them in the 1995 Good Friday Agreement, which allowed them a platform to continue their struggle for independence through non-violent channels.[15] Consequently, the ability of democracy to promote change in the government and political system without having to resort to any form of political violence is one of the greatest stabilising factors which democracy can provide a State, so long as an inclusive attitude is maintained. However, whilst democracies are meant to promote inclusion, in certain States a tyranny of the majority culture exists, wherein no attempt is made by the ruling party to govern all their citizens equally and achieve national unity for its supports and detractors, who may be ideologically polarised based around ethnicity, religion, language or self-identity.[16] Such exclusion from the political process can enflame tensions between various groups within a State and result in these excluded groups emigrating, resulting in a depleted workforce, or in more extreme cases, developing a complete disenfranchisement with the political system, taking up arms against the State and plunging it into further instability.[17] Henceforth democracy possesses the potential to create stability within a States borders so long as strong institutional foundations are in place with comprehensive checks and balances and a healthy electoral system which promotes inclusion over alienation.   However, it is often not effective at addressing insecurity within other States borders when trying to spread its political model to states either unwilling or unprepared for political change through violent means. In States, which are transitioning to democracy, even if done so via peaceful means, short-term instability will likely occur within the State, however if they endure the process the potential long-term stability which the State can gain can prove timeless.

Insurance Fraud :: essays research papers fc

Insurance Fraud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insurance Fraud is becoming one of the top forms of fraud in America. Martin Frankel owned several mansions, luxury cars, and diamonds. He lived a life of complete luxury. A life of luxury that was paid for with money stolen through insurance fraud. Martin Frankel is one of the major contributors to insurance fraud. He constructed a scheme to embezzle over 200 million dollars from insurance companies in several states across the U.S. He began his first minor case of insurance fraud in 1986 and was not convicted until 2002 for insurance fraud, racketeering, and money laundering. Throughout his â€Å"career† he learned new ways to embezzle money and began to master the art of insurance fraud.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insurance fraud cost Americans billions of dollars every year as higher premium. It is viewed as mostly as a white-collar crime but it can come in many different forms. People who usually commit these kinds of frauds are motivated by greed for necessity or seeking wealth and luxury. This may have been the case with Martin Frankel as stated by the prosecutors â€Å"he was motivated by greed, sexual desire and a lust for the high life: a mansion in Greenwich, fancy cars, diamonds the size of nickels, and several girlfriends†. In 1986 convince a businessman named Douglas Maxwell to join him in etablishing the Frankel Fund. The Frankel Fund was an investment partnership in which the limited partners had to invest at least $50,000 each. In 1991 the Frankel Fund failed and the Securities and Exchange Commission banned him from dealing with securities business for life. After that he using false names he set up the Creative Partners Fund LP. This fund was another scam like the Frankel Fund but the minimum investment was only $10,000 and it spread through a much broader base of investors. He and his partner Sonia Schulte formed a thunor trust to purchase insurance companies that where in financial trouble.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Frankel made his millions from keeping the very large reserves from the purchased insurance companies and spending it for luxuries instead of investing it and buy securities. He built a large false insurance empire through using the reserves to buy more and more insurance companies and then transferring the money from company to company to look as if the money remained untouched. He called his scheme the Ponzi scheme after Charles Ponzi who became rich from a pyramid scheme.